Care ABC - A for Alzheimer's

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Nora Peneder, Founder & CEO of noracares

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The content in the noracares blog is created by the content team and editorially reviewed by Nora Peneder. She brings many years of experience in the care sector. noracares connects people seeking care and qualified caregivers in Austria with an intelligent matching system.

Reviewed by the noracares specialist team – nursing educators & HR experts.

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Alzheimer’s dementia changes not only memory, but an entire life – for those affected and their families. When familiar people suddenly forget how to make coffee or who you are, it can feel like a quiet thunderstorm in the mind – quiet, but profound. Behind the disease are protein deposits in the brain that damage nerve cells and lead to progressive forgetfulness, disorientation, and personality changes. Since 2025, there have been medications available in Europe for the first time that can slow progression in the early stage. Researchers are also working on blood tests, imaging methods, and digital tools so that Alzheimer’s can be detected and treated earlier.

Imagine this: Your father is sitting with you at breakfast, telling a joke – but in the middle of the sentence he loses his train of thought. A day later he barely recognizes you. These moments are not only confusing, but also emotionally draining. This is exactly where everyday caregiving begins – with questions, worries, and the search for support.

In this article, I’ll guide you through the topic of Alzheimer’s dementia care. You’ll learn how Alzheimer’s differs from other forms of dementia, how to recognize the first symptoms, how you can support with loving care in everyday life, and what options exist to ease the burden on you as a relative. You can also find a solid overview of the disease at the Alzheimer Research Initiative (registered association) or the Austrian Alzheimer Society.

Alzheimer’s is the most common form of dementia: it accounts for an estimated 60–80 % of all cases. The disease often begins after the age of 65, but it can also occur earlier. It develops gradually and causes more and more nerve cells in the brain to die off. Protein deposits are responsible: so-called amyloid plaques – beta-amyloid fragments that accumulate between nerve cells – and tau fibrils – twisted fibers of the tau protein inside the cells. These deposits block communication between cells and trigger memory loss, orientation problems, speech disorders, and personality changes.

Alzheimer’s or dementia?

Many people use the terms Alzheimer’s and dementia synonymously, but they do not mean the same thing. Dementia is an umbrella term for various diseases in which cognitive performance declines and which often lead to memory and thinking disorders. These conditions include, in addition to Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, frontotemporal dementia, and mixed forms. Alzheimer’s is the most common form of dementia: about two thirds of people with dementia are affected by it.

A clear distinction helps not only with diagnosis, but also with choosing suitable therapies and care services. If you would like to learn more about the different forms, you can find helpful information at the Dementia knowledge from the German Alzheimer Society and an overview of Alzheimer’s disease at the Alzheimer Research Initiative.

This differentiation is important because causes and treatment options differ depending on the form of dementia. You can find more information about the different forms and their treatment in the brochure from the German Alzheimer Society.

Example: When forgetting begins

Mila, 68, was always very active – she ran the household, met friends regularly, and did crossword puzzles. But over time she forgot appointments, often misplaced her keys, and withdrew more and more. Her husband noticed that she no longer knew how to cook her favorite soup. When the doctor made the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s, it was initially a shock, but also a relief: at last the family knew why everything had changed. They began to restructure their daily routine, sought support from a dementia counseling center, and found a loving caregiver through noracares.

The name Alzheimer goes back to the German neurologist Dr. Alois Alzheimer. In 1901, he cared for the 51-year-old Auguste Deter, who became increasingly confused and forgot her own name. “I have, so to speak, lost myself,” she said. After her death in 1906, Alzheimer had her medical file and tissue samples sent to him and discovered protein deposits in and between the nerve cells. He presented his findings at a specialist conference in the same year; at first, the medical community barely took them seriously. It was only when Emil Kraepelin included “Alzheimer’s disease” in his textbook in 1910 that the illness was recognized as an independent clinical picture. Since the 1960s, Alzheimer’s has been one of the most important fields of research.

Why plaques and fibrils matter

Today you know that the brains of people with Alzheimer’s are characterized by two distinctive protein accumulations. Beta-amyloid proteins are deposited between nerve cells and form plaques that disrupt cell function. Inside the cells, the tau protein clumps into neurofibrillary tangles, which block the neuronal transport system and thus interrupt communication between neurons. These changes lead to typical symptoms such as memory loss, orientation problems, and speech disorders.

Research timeline

This chronological classification shows how understanding of the disease has grown – from the first observations to modern therapies that can slow progression.

The first signs of Alzheimer’s usually creep into everyday life unnoticed – many people confuse them with typical signs of aging. But if simple actions suddenly become difficult or conversations lead nowhere, there may be more behind it. The earlier you notice these signals, the sooner you can act and provide support.

Example

Peter, 74, was always the one in the family who solved the crossword puzzle. But in recent months, he found it harder to remember simple terms. He mixed up the names of his grandchildren and forgot his shopping list – even though he had written it shortly before. When one day he was standing on his own street and no longer knew which house he lived in, it became clear: this is no longer just forgetfulness. With the help of his family doctor, he received an early diagnosis and was able, together with his family, to find new ways to organize everyday life.

Possible symptoms

The following overview shows typical signs of Alzheimer’s. Not everyone experiences all symptoms – the severity is highly individual. If you notice the first signs, you should seek medical help.

When should you seek medical help?

Important: Everyone experiences Alzheimer’s differently. That’s why a caring observation is crucial. If you notice changes like these, talk to your family doctor or a memory clinic. New blood tests can now help detect Alzheimer’s at an early stage – even before severe symptoms appear. An early diagnosis provides clarity, enables access to modern therapies, and helps you and your family organize support in good time.

If you are caring for a relative with Alzheimer’s, professional and financial support is extremely important. Each country in Europe has its own regulations that can help you – from care allowance in Austria to care grades in Germany and Europe-wide counseling services. In this section, I’ll show you what benefits you are entitled to, how you can apply for them, and where you can find further help. I also cover the care levels in Austria, the care grades in Germany, and key European networks.

Austria: Care allowance & care levels

In Austria, need for care is classified according to seven care levels . The more hours of support are needed per month, the higher the level – and the higher the care allowance. The pension insurance and the Ministry of Social Affairs list the following amounts for 2026:

People aged 15 and over with a dementing illness also receive an additional hardship supplement: 45 hours are automatically credited toward the care need. This means they can reach a higher care level more quickly.

To receive care allowance, you submit an application to the responsible pension insurance provider. A doctor comes to your home and assesses the care needs. You can find all information and the online application on the portal Amount of the care allowance.

In addition to the financial benefit, there are many contact points that advise and support you: The Austrian Alzheimer Society offers information and self-help groups, the Social Ministry Service answers questions about the care allowance, and Caritas as well as the Red Cross support with home visits and dementia counseling.

For medical diagnoses and therapies, however, always contact your family doctor or specialized facilities such as the Austrian Alzheimer Society.

Germany: care allowance & care grades

In Germany, classification is done via five care grades (PG 1–5). The Medical Service (MD) assesses during a home visit how independent the person concerned still is. From care grade 2, the long-term care fund pays a care allowance for home care by relatives; alternatively, “in-kind care benefits” can be used for an outpatient care service. For 2026, the following care allowance rates apply:

You submit the application to your long-term care fund (usually the statutory health insurance fund). You can find further details on applying and on combining care allowance and in-kind benefits on the Federal Ministry of Health’s long-term care insurance page

For personal advice, the German Alzheimer Society, the municipal care support centers and the citizen hotline of the Federal Ministry of Health (030 340606602) are available. They also provide information about additional benefits such as respite care, short-term care, and the relief amount.

Europe: support and networking

Anyone looking for cross-border help can find a good starting point at Alzheimer Europe. The organization is an umbrella association of 41 national Alzheimer associations in 36 European countries. It advocates for the rights of people with dementia and promotes research and networking. On the website, you can select your country via a map filter and go directly to the respective national Alzheimer societies – an ideal way to find the right support across Europe

Other European projects include ACCESS-AD, an EU initiative for early diagnosis, and the European Dementia Carers Working Group. In addition, the World Health Organization offers iSupport a free online training program for relatives – available in multiple languages. These networks help you connect across borders and gain timely access to new findings and support services.

Whether you live in Austria, Germany, or another European country: noracares arranges qualified caregivers for home care and thus supports you in everyday life. For medical diagnoses and therapies, however, always contact your family doctor or specialized facilities – for example, the Austrian Alzheimer Society or the German Alzheimer Society. These specialist organizations provide sound information on diagnosis and treatment and help you find doctors and counseling services in your country

Alzheimer’s is not curable so far – but there is a lot you can do to reduce your personal risk. Researchers speak of cognitive reserve: The more actively your brain is challenged over the course of life and the better your body is supplied, the more likely it can compensate for damage. A current study, the U.S. POINTER program, showed in 2025 that a structured lifestyle program of exercise, nutrition, cognitive training and social activities noticeably improves the mental performance of people at increased risk. The improvement was independent of age, gender, background or heart health.

Tips for prevention

Practical tip: The U.S. POINTER program showed that combined lifestyle measures (physical activity, a Mediterranean diet, cognitive exercises and social activities) have the greatest effect. Even small changes – regular walks, cooking fresh meals together, weekly game nights – can have a positive impact.

Everyday example

Erika, 72, lives alone, but she attends a literature group weekly, practices tai chi in the park and does crossword puzzles every day. Her doctor emphasizes that this mix of exercise, social contact and mental challenge forms a strong shield against dementia.

Most people with Alzheimer’s are cared for at home by their families. This loving task is fulfilling, but also physically and emotionally demanding. The following recommendations are based on guides from German health authorities and Alzheimer’s societies and can be applied by relatives as well as professional caregivers.

Communication & behavior

• Shift perspective: People with dementia often feel safer when they are perceived as feeling, social beings. Try to put yourself in their position and treat them as equal conversation partners.
• Don’t correct or test: Memory gaps and mix-ups are normal. Avoid correcting the person or testing them with rounds of questions. Don’t take accusations personally – they usually stem from desperation.
• Explain simply & reassure: If something isn’t understood, avoid logical arguments. Agree with the person or redirect; don’t expect explanations. Reassurance and holding hands are often calming.
• Keep memories alive: Use photos, music and familiar rituals to provide orientation and share memories together.
  
   

Everyday life, routines & activities

• Consistent structures: Fixed routines and habits provide security. Proven routines should be maintained; you introduce new routines step by step.
• Use abilities: Focus on what is still possible. Many people with dementia remember old songs, handicrafts or other hobbies well. Involve them in everyday tasks, e.g., setting the table or cooking.
• Movement & time together: Don’t let the person withdraw. Shared activities such as meals, walks or outings as well as fixed times for eating, rest and sleep are important.
  
   

Living environment & safety

• Create clarity: Keep the home clearly structured, well lit and free of tripping hazards. Furniture and personal items should remain in their usual place; it’s better to avoid strong patterns and bright colors.
• Take safety precautions: Secure stairs, windows and the stove. Limit the water temperature to a maximum of 40 °C and ensure that doors – especially in the bathroom – can be opened from the outside.
  
   

Dealing with memory problems

• Patience & composure: Mishaps are normal. Notes and reminders around the home can help at first. Keep familiar order and maintain usual rituals.
• No logical discussions: If something isn’t understood, it’s better to agree or redirect the topic and reassure.
  
   

Self-care & counseling

• Seek help early: Caring relatives often reach their limits. Counseling centers, care support points and self-help groups offer free support and relief. In Germany, the Alzheimer helpline of the German Alzheimer Society can help; comparable services exist in Austria.
• Crisis and pastoral care services: In cases of emotional strain or crises, crisis hotlines and Telephone Counseling can help.
• Take care of your own health: Take breaks, eat healthily, move your body and connect with others in groups. Psychological support can also be useful.

Note on medical advice

At noracares, we want to inform you and make everyday care easier for you. But we are not doctors. All care tips are based on the recommendations of European health portals and Alzheimer’s organizations, but they do not replace professional advice, they do not replace professional advice. If you are unsure, notice symptoms, or have to make decisions about medication and therapies, please contact your family doctor, a memory clinic, or an Alzheimer’s specialist society in your country.

2025 and 2026 are groundbreaking years for Alzheimer’s research. For the first time, medications are available that directly influence the course of the disease, and new diagnostic procedures enable earlier detection.

• Leqembi (lecanemab): Since April 2025, this antibody has been approved in the EU. Leqembi binds to beta-amyloid proteins, reduces plaques in the brain and slows cognitive decline in people with mild cognitive impairment or early Alzheimer’s dementia.
• Kisunla (donanemab): In September 2025, a second antibody, Kisunla, was approved. It is infused monthly, also targets amyloid plaques and slows cognitive as well as functional decline. Once the plaques are greatly reduced, the therapy can be stopped.
• Blood-based biomarker tests: At the Alzheimer’s Association International Conference 2025, evidence-based guidelines for blood tests were presented for the first time. Tests with high sensitivity and specificity are intended to detect Alzheimer’s even before severe symptoms and complement further diagnostics such as PET or cerebrospinal fluid testing.
• ACCESS-AD – European initiative for early diagnosis: This EU project started in January 2026. It combines advanced brain imaging, blood-based biomarkers, digital monitoring tools and AI-supported decision aids to speed up diagnosis and improve access to modern therapies.

Looking to the future

2025 and 2026 bring further advances for therapy and diagnostics:

• New antibodies such as trontinemab: In 2025, Roche presented results on trontinemab, a Brainshuttle antibody that, in an early study, showed a rapid, dose-dependent reduction of amyloid plaques; a Phase III study is scheduled to start in 2025. In parallel, Roche presented the Elecsys pTau181 plasma test, which measures pTau181 in the blood and can reliably rule out amyloid pathology, making diagnosis earlier and less invasive.
• Tau antibodies and vaccines: Researchers are working on antibodies and vaccines intended to prevent the formation of neurofibrils.
• Anti-inflammatory approaches: New studies are investigating anti-inflammatory agents such as sargramostim (Leukine) to reduce chronic brain inflammation.
• Personalized lifestyle therapies: Programs combine medication with lifestyle interventions – regular exercise and a heart-healthy diet are considered important building blocks to prevent dementia or slow its progression.

These diverse approaches show how quickly research and therapy are evolving. A combination of early diagnosis, modern medications and personal lifestyle adjustment can significantly change the course of Alzheimer’s dementia in the coming years. Early clarification and counseling remain crucial – so you can benefit from new therapies in time and plan care better together with your loved ones.

Alzheimer’s dementia is more than forgetfulness – it affects the body, mind and the entire family structure. As a relative or caregiver, you help by understanding the condition, taking early symptoms seriously and seeking medical help early. Preventive lifestyle changes such as a Mediterranean diet, regular exercise, cognitive training and social contact demonstrably reduce risk, even if they cannot guarantee prevention of the disease. Thanks to new antibody therapies such as Leqembi and Kisunla as well as innovative blood tests and EU projects such as ACCESS-AD, disease-modifying treatment is now available in Europe for the first time. Nevertheless, personal care at home remains central: Respectful interaction, fixed routines, a safe environment and self-care are crucial. In Austria, Germany and at EU level, there are financial benefits, counseling centers and self-help groups that can help you. noracares connects you with suitable caregivers – but for diagnoses and therapies, family doctors and specialized Alzheimer’s societies are your first point of contact. You are not alone – together with experts, networks and your loved ones, you can manage everyday life and strengthen your quality of life.

• Alzheimer’s: The most common form of dementia. It leads to progressive loss of nerve cells in the brain and manifests through memory loss, language disorders and personality changes.
• Amyloid plaques: Protein deposits in the brain that occur between nerve cells in Alzheimer’s patients and are considered to cause the disease.
• Blood-based biomarkers: Blood tests that measure beta-amyloid or phospho-tau and can detect Alzheimer’s even before severe symptoms.
• Dementia: An umbrella term for various diseases that involve a progressive loss of mental abilities – including Alzheimer’s, vascular dementia or Lewy body dementia.
• Hardship allowance: In Austria, for people with dementia aged 15 and over, a supplement of 45 care hours is counted to reach a higher care level.
• MIND diet: A combination of the Mediterranean and DASH diets; emphasizes leafy green vegetables, berries, nuts and olive oil and can reduce the risk of dementia.
• Cognitive reserve: The brain’s ability to compensate for damage through alternative ways of thinking and problem-solving. It can be strengthened through education, mental activity and social interaction.
• Care grade (Germany): A system for classifying a person’s need for care, ranging from grade 1 (low support needs) to grade 5 (most severe need for care). It is the basis for financial benefits from long-term care insurance.
• Care level (Austria): Austria’s counterpart to Germany’s care grade. It ranges from level 1 to level 7 and is the basis for the amount of long-term care allowance.
• Long-term care allowance: A financial benefit made available to people who need care – either paid directly to the person in need of care or used to pay caring relatives or professionals.
• Tau fibrils: Clumped protein structures inside nerve cells that block cell transport and lead to the death of nerve cells – typical in Alzheimer’s.